The present study conducted to evaluate the effects of soybean lecithin on growth indices, body composition, digestive enzymes activities and Intestinal histomorphometry of Caspian salmon. Ninety fish (350g ± 10) were randomly divided into three treatments with three respective replicates. The first treatment (control group) was fed with commercial feed, while the second group received diet supplemented with 12% soybean oil, and the third one received feed supplemented with 6% soybean oil and 6% soybean lecithin for 90 days. Weight gain was indicative of the statistical superiority of treatment 3 over control group and treatment 2. In addition, FCR of treatment 3 was only significantly different from control group (p≤ 0. 05). There were significant differences regarding moisture content of treatments 2 and 3 in compare to control group (p≤ 0. 05), however, protein and lipid contents of treatments were not significantly different (p≤ 0. 05). Furthermore, energy contents of treatments 2 and 3 were significantly different (p≤ 0. 05). Digestive enzymes activities (protease, lipase and amylase) of treatment 3 significantly differed from treatment 2 and control group (p≤ 0. 05). Morphometric characteristics of intestine including epithelium thickness and external muscle thickness of treatments 2 and 3 were significantly different from those of control group (p≥ 0. 05). In conclusion, supplementing Caspian salmon diet with 6% soybean lecithin improved growth and some physiological parameters of the fish.

Background and Aim; Hepatic steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are frequent in obese population. Intestinal bypass surgery is a treatment modality for morbidly obese patients. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence and severity of NAFLD in patients undergoing a modified Intestinal by pass (MIB) surgery.Methods: 43 consecutive morbidly obese patients (32 female, 11 male) with mean age; 34.7±9.5 year and mean BMI; 45.8±7.3 kg/m2 underwent MIB operation by a surgeon. In MIB the proximal end of the blind Intestinal loop is connected to the gall bladder.A liver biopsy was obtained from 30 patients at the operation time. A repeated liver biopsy was performed after 16±0.5 months in 13 patients who accepted a postoperative liver biopsy. The degree of steatosis (0-4), necro- inflammation (0-18) and fibrosis (0-6) was scored in the all liver biopsies by a single liver pathologist.Results: Of the original liver biopsies 20% had normal histology, 43.3% had mild to moderate steatosis and 36.7% had NASH. The liver histology was remained without any change in 23.1%, showed some partial decrease in NAFLD severity in 38.5% and some increase in NAFLD severity in other 38.5%. The changes were not significant and no body suffered from a serious liver failure during our follow up.The average BMI dropped to 27.4 and 30.7 kg/m2 after 2 and 5 years consequently.Conclusion: Although about 40% of the patients had NASH, but MIB surgery did not accentuate NAFLD severity.

Methotrexate (MTX) is a chemotherapeutic agent that used for the treatment of a variety of tumors and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was investigated the effect of growth hormone on histomorphometerical parameters of testis after methotrexate administration in rat. In this experimental study, the eighty male wistar rat were selected and randomly divided into eight groups; control (n=20) and test (n=60). One and two test groups were received 0.3 mg/kg GH (IP) for 14 and 28 consequence days, respectively. Three and four test groups were received 1mg/kg MTX (IP) per week for 14 and 28 consequence days, respectively. Five and six test groups were received 1mg/kg MTX (IP) with 0.3mg/kg GH (IP) (MTX+GH) for 14 and 28 consequence days, respectively. However the one and two control groups just received normal saline (IP) for 14 and 28 consequence days, respectively. In 14 and 28 day, ten rats from each group were sacrificed and the testis was sampled after passing of above times and section providing, and was stained by H& E technique. Then, histologically and histomorphometerically parameters include: diameter of seminiferous tubules, thickness of epithelium of seminiferous tubules, thickness of interstitial tissue, and thickness of testicular capsule, were studied. Results of this study showed that methotrexate had destructive effects on testis tissue and spermatogenesis in test group compared with control group. Also, results showed that in 28 day after methotrexate administration diameter of seminiferous tubules and thickness of epithelium of seminiferous tubules significantly decreased (p<0.05), but thickness of interstitial tissue and thickness of testicular capsule significantly increased (p<0.05) compared with control group. GH administration had non significant effect on testis histomorphometery. In GH+MTX group, GH caused significantly (p<0.05) amelioration effects on testis histomorphometery and spermatogenesis compared with MTX group. Although the effect of methotrexate on spermatogenesis and unfertilization in human needs to be more investigation.

Accurate diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica is important, as it is known as a causative agent for both invasive Intestinal and extraIntestinal amoebiasis. Amoebiasis has a worldwide distribution, especially in developing countries, and it is responsible for up to 100, 000 fatal cases annually. A number of diagnostic methods, including microscopy, culture, antigen detection, molecular based methods, and serological assays have been proposed to assist in diagnosing amoebiasis. The present study aimed to gather new data and review the available diagnostic tests of both Intestinal and extra-Intestinal amoebiasis and to highlight pitfalls and challenges of each of them. A broad literature of electronic databases was conducted and covered articles published up to March 2022. For laboratory diagnosis of Intestinal amoebiasis, direct microscopy stool examinations and cultures should be held as the highperformance diagnostic strategies. Molecular and immunological-based assays are also recommended as complementary tests. To diagnose extra-Intestinal infection, the use of serological tests is still considered the method of choice. However, serodiagnosis requires further improvement for the accurate differential diagnosis of active infection from past infections.

Background: Congenital Intestinal malrotation as an abnormal embryonic Intestinal rotation and fixation leads to various clinical presentations of high complete or incomplete Intestinal obstruction, especially midgut volvulus and extensive Intestinal loss that may cause short bowel syndrome or death of the patient. we conducted this study to assay clinical presentations, surgical findings, mode of management and outcome of neonates with Intestinal malrotation.Methods: We studied retrospectively data of 25 neonates with Intestinal malrotation in 3 hospitals of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (1985-2003).Results: Patients consisted of 17 males and 8 females. 5 (24%) patients had extensive Intestinal gangrene that resulted in short bowel syndrome in 2 patients. 7 (20%) patients died, 5 of them due to Intestinal volvolus and 2 other due to associated anomalies and sepsis. Most common clinical signs and symptoms were vomitus (96%), bilious vomiting (80%), constipation (24%),), coliky abdominal pain (23%). Abdominal distention was observed only in patients with volvolus (38%). Obstipation (31%) and rectorragia were seen only in patients with volvolus and Intestinal gangrene. 28% of neonates had associated anomalies. Malrotion was suggested by abdominal X-ray in 3 out of 12 (25%), barium enema in 9 out of 11 (81.8%), and gastroIntestinal follow through in 3 out of 4 (75%) examinations. 3 patients were surgically managed according to only one abdominal X-ray. Ladd procedure was performed in all patients and other necessary corrective operations for associated anomalies included Intestinal resection with anastomisis in 5 and Intestinal resection with entrostomy in 2 cases.Conclusion: To prevent extensive Intestinal loss due to Intestinal volvolus in neonates with abrupt bilious vomiting, malrotation must be excluded, and if a volvulus is suspected, emergency laparotomy should be undertaken.

A three year old boy presented with tetanus who additionally suffered from nonbloody diarrhea. Physical examination showed bilateral edema of the lower limbs. Laboratory data showed iron deficiency anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcaemia and hypogammaglobulinemia.Stool culture was negative for bacteria however fat droplets were detected in the patient’s stool. Endoscopic examination revealed white Intestinal mucosa.